by Robert McRuer
about Robert McRuer
Robert McRuer is Professor of English and Chair of the Department of English at the George Washington University. He is the author of Crip Theory: Cultural Signs of Queerness and Disability (NYU Press, 2006); The Queer Renaissance: Contemporary American Literature and the Reinvention of Lesbian and Gay Identities (NYU Press, 1997). With Anna Mollow, he coedited Sex and Disability (2012). He is completing a manuscript tentatively titled Cripping Austerity.
Normal
“Normal,” because of its easy associations with typical, ordinary, or unremarkable, appears to many people as a benign word, nothing more than a neutral descriptor of certain groups, bodies, or behaviors that are more common than others. Yet more than almost any other keyword in American studies and cultural studies, “normal” carries with it a history of discursive and literal violence against those who could never hope to be described by the term. Sexual minorities, disabled people, racialized populations, immigrants, and many others have at times found themselves among the motley group that the Chicana lesbian feminist Gloria Anzaldúa terms los atravesados: “those who cross over, pass over, or go through the confines of the ‘normal’” (1987, 3). For Anzaldúa and innumerable other critics of the normal, this border crossing has consequences. Lives lived beyond the confines of the normal have been marked as illegitimate and targeted for surveillance, control, correction, confinement, and even elimination. The history of the keyword “normal” is relatively short compared to that of most words in the English language, despite the fact that the term structures contemporary cultures in powerful and nearly ubiquitous ways. The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) notes that the idea of “normal”...
Sexuality
The history of the keyword “sexuality” is inextricably interwoven with the history of a range of other disability keywords, including “freakish,” “innocent,” and—most important—“normal” and “abnormal.” As philosopher Michel Foucault has demonstrated, for the past few centuries, we have inhabited a culture of “normalization” that categorizes individuals and populations, marking certain bodies (for instance, those understood as disabled, ill, or lacking) _and_ certain desires (for instance, those understood as perverse, queer, or mad) as “abnormal.” Systems of surveillance, control, intervention, incarceration, correction, or “cure”—what [Foucault (2003)](/disability-studies/works_cited/foucault-michel/ "Foucault, Michel.") would describe as “technologies of normalization” administered by authorities assumed to possess “expert opinion”—emerged in the eighteenth century and intensified over the course of the nineteenth to facilitate this categorization. Sexuality was one of the most distinct areas of social life to succumb to these systems of control and cure. In the first volume of his book [_The History of Sexuality_ (1978)](/disability-studies/works_cited/foucault-michel-se-4/ "Foucault, Michel.SE"), Foucault argued that a widespread belief emerged by the late nineteenth century that sexuality was simply “repressed” and in need of “liberation.” _The History of Sexuality_ worked to challenge this truism and illuminate the ways in which the contours of “sexuality” were clearly visible _within_ a history of...