by Jennifer Holt

about Jennifer Holt

Jennifer Holt is Associate Professor of Film and Media Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She is the author of Empires of Entertainment and coeditor of Distribution Revolution, Connected Viewing, and Media Industries: History, Theory, Method.

Policy

Media policy is about power—the power to establish boundaries, norms, and standards for mass-mediated visual culture; the power to decide which perspectives will be informing social discourses, debates, news, and entertainment; and the power to police the expression, ownership, and distribution of that content. In other words, policy is in many ways about the structural power to determine “who can say what, in what form, to whom” (Garnham 2000, 4). Policy is political and is often guided by dominant ideologies regarding technology, culture, and national identity. It is what dictates the legal parameters for the structure, content, and dissemination of television, radio, and increasingly streaming digital media. In the United States, the origins of contemporary media policy can be traced back to the Progressive Era, when administrative agencies and trust-busting were on the rise, and “the world of ‘policy’ came to be defined by a search for a kind of government-by-expertise that rested on neutral, objective, and in some sense scientific principles” (Streeter 2013, 490). Antitrust policy was formally instituted by the late nineteenth/early twentieth century after the Sherman Act was passed in 1890. This allowed for a form of regulation and control over industry structure, and a legal remedy...